皇后の瑞夢
寺田屋再興の直接のきっかけは日露開戦前夜に美子皇后が葉山御用邸で、2日連続でみた夢です。白衣の男が坂本龍馬を名のり、我が海軍を守ることを告げにきたという夢です。
昭憲皇太后実録を見ると、皇后は大変な海軍びいきで、新造艦への乗艦や進水式出席、はては操艦演習や魚雷発射訓練まで、数年おきに見学に出向いています。これはすでに鏡川伊一郎氏のブログや書籍(『司馬さん、そこは違います!〝龍馬〟が勝たせた日露戦争』)で指摘があります。
明治6年12月17・18日の例をあげます。皇后は24歳です。横浜から御召艦蒼龍に乗艦し、あの江華島事件で有名な軍艦雲揚などを従えて横須賀入りし、午後全部をつかって造船所を詳しく見学し、翌日には猿島沖での艦隊操練を1時間見学しています。
皇后には夢を見る前提となる経験が十分すぎるほどありました。よく言われる田中光顕ら土佐系官僚による作り話ではないことは確かです。
皇后の夢に関する記事は4月になってリークされ、入手できたものだけで、4/13時事新報「葉山の御夢」、4/1土陽新聞「坂本龍馬の神霊」、4/18東京日日新聞「国母陛下の御瑞夢」、5/28萬朝報「地久節と日本の女性」(樺山資紀執筆)があります。
大正 3(1914)年の皇太后崩御直後の追悼記事や追悼略伝などにも詳しく記載があります。大浦兼武や田中光顕の回想録にもあります。
掲げた東京日日新聞の記事をみると男は最初「坂本数馬」と名のり、皇后が首を傾げると「龍馬」と訂正したというのです。夢の中の人物が自分の名のりを訂正するというのも変な話なので、皇后は当初は数馬と認識し、皇后宮大夫香川敬三や宮内大臣田中光顕という元陸援隊士コンビとのやりとりの中で龍馬と確定されたのではないかと思えます。
昭憲皇太后崩御記事の中では天皇を通じて大山巌、山縣有朋にも伝えられたとあります。そう思って明治天皇紀をみると3月4日と6日に、この二人を個別に御座所に呼んでいる記事があるので、この時ではなかったかと思われます。また、新聞記者にリークした人物名が伊東巳代治とあかされます。伊東は当時、東京日日新聞のオーナーでもありました。
皇后が2月に葉山で夢をみたのは事実、香川、田中とのやりとりで男は龍馬と確定され、天皇を通じて3月には日露戦争最高指導者の大山、山縣に伝えられ、4月には伊東巳代治を通じて新聞にリークされたというのが経過をたどることができます。大山は当時参謀総長で、すぐに満州軍総司令官として大陸にわたり、山縣は大本営付で天皇の側で戦争指導を行います。
寺田屋再興と龍馬祭
日露戦争の勝利確定後、皇后の瑞夢の直接の結果として寺田屋の再興と龍馬祭の創出という二つのイベントが発生します。
龍馬祭の創出については白川哲夫氏の論考(『「戦没者慰霊」と近代日本』42~46頁)があります。祝詞では瑞夢に現れ、戦争を勝利に導いた龍馬が顕彰され、祭文を読んだ大山巌は寺田屋での龍馬遭難時、薩摩伏見藩邸にあってこれを助けた亡兄彦八の名前を出して中岡、龍馬を讃えています。大山の登場は祝詞との関係でいえば日露戦争の最高指揮官であったのが大きな理由なのでしょう。
この2つのイベントは維新から50年近くがたち、関係者の死没や高齢化によって「殉難士」への慰霊が難しくなっていくなかで、もう一度「殉難士」への追悼を高めようというもくろみがありました。
しかし、白川氏が指摘されているように、龍馬祭の半年後に霊山で行われた「殉難士50年祭」の祝詞では個人の慰霊よりも日本国家の発展が強調されるようになります。
増加していく近代対外戦争の「戦没者」慰霊が大きな課題となっていきます。やがて京都霊山では「殉難士」と「戦没者」慰霊が国家の手で合同されていく方向性となっていきますが、「殉難士」顕彰の場としての「寺田屋」の意義は時間の経過と共に薄れていき、昭和に入ると「史蹟」としての意義を強調していかねばならなくなっていきます。
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