当ブログの幕末史の考察については明治になってからの回顧談なども利用してます。これについては史料批判という手続きをとらなければなりません。そこにかかれていることをそのまま史実として歴史を再構成することは、史料に書かれていないことを適当に想像して歴史を再構成することと同様に問題があります。この記事では「薩長同盟成立プロセスの考察（2）薩長連合の発端」についてどのように考えたか説明しておきたいと思います。
歴史学における一次史料とは当事者の日記や書簡、それに命令書や辞令などの公文書を加えていいかもしれません。歴史学にとってもっとも基本とするべき史料でしょう。
一方、幕末史については明治になってから非常に多くの伝記や逸話集、回顧談が出版されています。これらは一次史料とはいえないので、執筆者や編集者の思い込みや、自分でも整理しきれなかったところを適当にごまかした結果おかしなものになってしまったり、ある目的を達するために改変されていたりすることさえあります。
また、当事者の回顧談でも本人が直接体験していない伝聞情報などについては問題がある場合が多くあります。
さらに、一次史料であっても特に日記などは本人の判断によって大きな事実をあえて書かなかったりしたり、伝聞情報については信用できないこともあります。例えば、桂久武上京日記には龍馬の二本松藩邸移送のことが全く書かれていません。
先にとりあげた田中光顕や楫取素彦、時田少輔の回顧については速記録によって、語り口そのままに記録されたものであり、一次史料に近いものだと考えました。もちろん、幕末時から何十年もたって記録されたものなので記憶間違いなどは多いし、伝聞情報については本人の思い込みもあります。その中でどういうものを史実か考えるためには、きちんとした史料批判が必要です。
楫取と時田の回顧談は二人が共通して体験した慶応元年閏5月の坂本・木戸会談実現までのプロセスを語っています。別人の二人が別々の時と場所で語った共通体験に関して同じ内容の証言は信憑性が非常に高いと判断しました。一方にしかない内容については、その時の状況を考えて史実を抽出することは可能と考えています。以下●で回顧談の内容、※で筆者がどう考えたかを説明しています。
● 安芸守衛の仲介で面会をした。（楫取回顧）
坂本が二人の旅宿に突然に面会をもとめてきた。（時田回顧）
龍馬とは二人とも初対面であった（楫取・時田回顧）
坂本が二人の旅宿に突然に面会をもとめてきた。（時田回顧）
龍馬とは二人とも初対面であった（楫取・時田回顧）
※ 龍馬が訪問した時の様子ですが、二人の証言は少々異なります。この二人は時田が正使で、楫取は副使です。なので、公式的には時田が正使としてふるまったでしょうが、実際は楫取が主です。安芸守衛が楫取のみを呼び出して連絡をつけ、時田と同時に龍馬、守衛と会ったとすれば矛盾はありません。また二人とも龍馬と初対面ということでは一致しています。
● 龍馬は薩長連合の話しいきなりして、二人の存念をもとめた。（楫取・時田回顧）
当時の長州の情勢は他藩の者がくれば非常にあぶない状況になっていた（楫取・時田回顧）
当時の長州の情勢は他藩の者がくれば非常にあぶない状況になっていた（楫取・時田回顧）
※ これらの二人の記憶は完全に一致しています。
● 龍馬側から木戸との会談の斡旋を申し込まれた。（楫取・時田回顧）
龍馬から直接斡旋を申し込まれ、木戸に手紙を書いて返事も龍馬にみせた。（楫取回顧）
龍馬・守衛との会談のあと、あらためて大山格之助と面談し、会談の斡旋を申し込まれ、それを約束した。（時田回顧）
龍馬から直接斡旋を申し込まれ、木戸に手紙を書いて返事も龍馬にみせた。（楫取回顧）
龍馬・守衛との会談のあと、あらためて大山格之助と面談し、会談の斡旋を申し込まれ、それを約束した。（時田回顧）
※ 龍馬に請われ木戸に手紙を書いたこと、大山格之助との面談で斡旋が申し込まれたことが、それぞれによって語られています。筆者の判断ではこの二つの事柄は同時に成立することが可能で、楫取は間を置かずに行われた龍馬・安芸との面談と大山との面談を一連のものとして物語っていると判断しました。
※ 時田の方に木戸への手紙がでてこないのは書いた本人ではないからでしょう。一方、楫取の方は大山との会談がでてきませんが、大宰府へ到着前に大山に出会い、薩長連合を同感していることから、時田回顧のような会談があってもおかしくはありません。
※ 大山からの会談申し入れについて時田はびっくりしたようで、その理由として坂本、土方と相談があったことを想像しています。そして、一見、坂本も土方も同席していたように読めますが、土方はこの時、大宰府にはいないのが史実ですので、土方云々という時田の想像は誤りで、また同席していたと語っているわけではないので、このことをもって時田の回顧が信用できないということにはならないと考えました。
※ 龍馬と守衛が来関したことを楫取と時田へ知らせた手紙（一次史料）でも、木戸との面談を龍馬らに約束したことが述べられていて、木戸の来関をうながしています。回顧談では吉井幸輔もいたと述べていますが、少なくとも吉井はこのときはまだ上方にいて下関に一緒にこれたはずはないので、記憶違いです。実際、本人の当時の手紙も坂本・安芸「両人」と書いています。吉井は土方とともに上方から下ろうとして、大坂から一度京都に引き返しています。その後、土方を追いかけて下関へやってきたのかもしれません。
(追記) 土方の『回天実記』をあらためてみなおすと吉井は京都から大坂まで父を送ってきたと記述があり、大坂から帰京したとしていますから、この時は下関にいる可能性は低くなります。時田の記憶違いでしょうか。(3/31）
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